Volume 2, 2024

ISSN 2817-898X

Online first article

Curcumin may protect kidney through TLR2/4 pathway in diabetic nephropathy rat model

Weihong Zhu, Zhouhui Jin.

Department of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.

Abstract

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus that affects the kidney function and increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Curcumin, a natural polyphenol extracted from turmeric, has been shown to have various pharmacological properties, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic effects. In this study, we found that Curcumin treatment significantly reduced blood glucose levels in DN rat model. Also, Curcumin reduced creatinine and urea nitrogen levels in DN rats. Furthermore, curcumin could downregulate the expression of HMGB1, TLR2, TLR4, and NF-kB in the renal tissue of rats with diabetic nephropathy. In addition, Curcumin could regulate inflammatory factor secretion through HMGB1. Overall, these data suggest that Curcumin may protect kidney through TLR2/4 pathway in diabetic nephropathy rat model. 

Key words

Curcumin; TLR2/4 pathway; diabetic nephropathy; rat model.

Pages: 1-7.

ISSN 2817-898X

Unraveling the Intricate Interplay of the Key Signaling Pathways between Inflammation and Cancer

Jason Olson, Yaron M Rabinowitz

Department of Immunology, DICAT Biomedical Computation Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.

Abstract

Cancer involves a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and inflammatory factors. This comprehensive review explores the intricate relationship between inflammation and cancer, delving into the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie this correlation. From the role of immune cells and the impact of cytokines to the consequences of chronic inflammation on the dynamic tumor microenvironment, we dissect the complexities that contribute to tumorigenesis. Highlighting key signaling pathways such as NF-κB and JAK-STAT, we elucidate their roles in fostering a pro-tumorigenic milieu. The review also scrutinizes the implications of chronic inflammation on angiogenesis, immune evasion, and the therapeutic landscape. Strategies targeting inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and signaling pathways, are discussed, along with the revolutionary advances in immunotherapy. Looking toward the future, we emphasize the necessity of unraveling the temporal and spatial dynamics of inflammatory responses within the tumor microenvironment for more personalized and effective therapeutic interventions. This article provides a comprehensive exploration, guiding researchers and clinicians towards a deeper understanding of the molecular intricacies that connect inflammation and cancer. 

Key words

Cancer; Inflammation; Therapy.

Pages: 1-6.

The Emerging Role of Inflammation and Therapeutic Interventions Targeting Neuroinflammation in Multiple System Atrophy

Hai Lin, Yihui Rong

Department of Internal Medicine, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China.

Abstract

Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive degeneration of the autonomic nervous system, striatonigral system, and olivopontocerebellar system. Despite its clinical significance, the precise etiology of MSA remains elusive, prompting a growing interest in the role of inflammation in disease pathogenesis. This detailed review aims to comprehensively dissect the intricate interplay between inflammation and MSA, delving into the pathological mechanisms, molecular mediators, and potential therapeutic avenues. In light of the emerging role of inflammation in MSA, therapeutic interventions targeting neuroinflammation are gaining traction. Immunomodulatory agents, anti-inflammatory drugs, and strategies aimed at specific inflammatory pathways are currently under investigation. However, the heterogeneity of MSA pathology poses challenges in identifying universal therapeutic targets, highlighting the need for precision medicine approaches. This detailed review consolidates current knowledge on inflammation in Multiple System Atrophy, offering insights into its pathological underpinnings and potential avenues for therapeutic intervention. A multidisciplinary approach that combines clinical, molecular, and imaging studies is crucial for advancing our understanding of the complex interplay between inflammation and MSA, ultimately translating these insights into tangible clinical benefits for patients.

Key words

Multiple System Atrophy; Neuroinflammation; Therapeutic interventions.

Pages: 7-11.

The Multifaceted Roles of Pro-inflammatory and Anti-inflammatory Cytokines in Vascular Diseases

Joanna X. Yuan

The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. 

Abstract

Vascular diseases remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, necessitating a nuanced understanding of their underlying molecular mechanisms for the development of effective therapeutic interventions. Cytokines, a diverse family of signaling molecules, have emerged as central regulators in the intricate pathophysiology of various vascular disorders. This comprehensive review aims to dissect the multifaceted roles of cytokines in vascular diseases, providing an in-depth exploration of their contributions to disease initiation, progression, and potential therapeutic avenues.

Key words

Cytokines; Vascular diseases.

Pages: 12-16.

Effects of Chronic Inflammation on T Cell Development and Differentiation

Xingpeng Zhang, Shuai Han, Jian Wang

Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Pudong New Area People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China. 

Abstract

Chronic inflammation is a persistent and often dysregulated immune response that can lead to tissue damage and contribute to the pathogenesis of numerous diseases. T cells, key players in adaptive immunity, undergo intricate developmental processes and differentiation stages that are highly influenced by the inflammatory microenvironment. Understanding how chronic inflammation shapes T cell responses is crucial for unraveling the complexities of immune dysregulation. This review aims to comprehensively explore the effects of chronic inflammation on T cell development and differentiation, shedding light on the intricate molecular mechanisms that underlie immune dysregulation in persistent inflammatory settings.

Key words

Inflammation; T cell; Development; Differentiation.

Pages: 17-22.

The Molecular Mechanisms and Physiological Consequences of Inflammation and Natural Killer Cell Activation

Andrea Sottoriva

Department of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences Canada, Vancouver, BC, Canada. 

Abstract 

The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules working in concert to protect the host from pathogens and maintain tissue integrity. Natural killer (NK) cells, a subset of lymphocytes, are crucial effectors of the innate immune system, capable of rapid responses to infected or transformed cells. Inflammation, on the other hand, represents a coordinated and dynamic response to tissue injury or infection, involving a cascade of molecular and cellular events. The crosstalk between inflammation and NK cell activation forms a critical aspect of immune regulation and contributes to the overall immune response. This review delves into the intricate relationship between inflammation and NK cell activation, exploring the molecular mechanisms and physiological consequences of their interplay. Understanding this correlation has profound implications for various disease states, including infections, autoimmune disorders, and cancer.

Key words

Natural killer cell; Activation.

Pages: 23-27.

The Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Clinical Manifestations of Orbital Infections and Inflammations

Yijun Xu, Qi zhu, Zhe Wang, Shiyong Yu, Honggang Xiang

Pudong New Area People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China.

Abstract

Orbital infections and inflammations represent a complex spectrum of disorders that can lead to significant morbidity if not promptly diagnosed and appropriately managed. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the correlation between orbital infections and inflammations, exploring the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic modalities, and contemporary treatment strategies. Understanding the intricate interplay between infectious and inflammatory processes within the orbit is crucial for improving patient outcomes and refining therapeutic interventions.

Key words

Etiology; Pathogenesis; Orbital infections.

Pages: 28-33.

Exploring the Correlations between HIV and Inflammation: A Comprehensive Review

Wei Zhan

Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.

Abstract

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) remains a global health challenge, affecting millions of individuals worldwide. Beyond its well-established role in immune suppression, HIV infection has been increasingly recognized for its intricate relationship with inflammation. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the correlation between HIV and inflammation, shedding light on the multifaceted interactions that contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of the disease. We delve into the immunological mechanisms, clinical implications, and therapeutic avenues related to the interplay between HIV and inflammation.

Key words

HIV; Inflammation.

Pages: 34-39.